Renal Concerns in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B with Tenofovir
Main Article Content
Keywords
antiretroviral therapy, hepatitis B, NGAL, nucleos(t)ide analogue, tenofovir
Abstract
Tenofovir, a third generation oral nucleos(t)ide analogue, currently represents one of the first-line drugs recommended for treating chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. After oral administration, tenofovir is mostly excreted in the urine by glomerular filtration and proximal tubular secretion. Hence, an impaired kidney function may lead to an increased renal exposure to the drug in patients with coexistent renal damage. This could further worsen kidney disease through different mechanisms of nephrotoxicity such as mitochondrial DNA depletion and tubular cytotoxicity. Despite several studies performed so far to assess tenofovir-related renal toxicity, data in HBV patients are not yet conclusive. Screening of risk factors for kidney disease before starting therapy and a careful monitoring of serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, serum phosphate and urine analysis during treatment are advocated to adjust the dose or stop treatment if needed. New biomarkers of tubular injury, such as neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, could become helpful in the future for the timely identification and risk stratification of renal damage induced by tenofovir.
References
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14. Ryom L, Mocroft A, Kirk O, Worm SW, Kamara DA, Reiss P, et al. Association between antiretroviral exposure and renal impairment among HIV-positive persons with normal baseline renal function: The D:A:D study. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(9):1359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit043
15. Wikman P, Safont P, Del Palacio M, Moreno A, Moreno S, Casado JL. The significance of antiretroviral-associated acute kidney injury in a cohort of ambulatory human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(8):2073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gft210
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18. Mocroft A, Kirk O, Reiss P, De Wit S, Sedlacek D, Beniowski M, et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV-positive patients. AIDS. 2010;24(11):1667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328339fe53
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20. Pipili CL, Papatheodoridis GV, Cholongitas EC. Treatment of hepatitis B in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;84(5):880–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.249
21. Karras A, Lafaurie M, Furco A, Bourgarit A, Droz D, Sereni D, et al. Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(8):1070–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/368314
22. Fung S, Kwan P, Fabri M, Horban A, Pelemis M, Hann HW, et al. Randomized comparison of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(4):980–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.028
23. Gish RG, Clark MD, Kane SD, Shaw RE, Mangahas MF, Baqai S. Similar risk of renal events among patients treated with tenofovir or entecavir for chronic hepatitis B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(8):941–6; quiz e68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.04.008
24. Teperman LW, Poordad F, Bzowej N, Martin P, Pungpapong S, Schiano T, et al. Randomized trial of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate after hepatitis B immunoglobulin withdrawal after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2013;19(6):594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.23628
25. Winston J, Deray G, Hawkins T, Szczech L, Wyatt C, Young B. Kidney disease in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(11):1449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/593099
26. Fontana RJ. Side effects of long-term oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2009;49(5 Suppl): S185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22885
27. Duarte-Rojo A, Heathcote EJ. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2010;3(2):107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756283X09354562
28. Ha NB, Ku KC, Ha NB, Chaung KT, Trinh HN, Nguyen HA, et al. Renal function in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy – A matched case cohort study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49(10):873–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000325
29. Lok AS, Trinh H, Carosi G, Akarca US, Gadano A, Habersetzer F, et al. Efficacy of entecavir with or without tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for nucleos(t)ide-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(3):619–28.e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.037
30. Bam RA, Yant SR, Cihlar T. Tenofovir alafenamide is not a substrate for renal organic anion transporters (OATs) and does not exhibit OAT-dependent cytotoxicity. Antivir Ther. 2014;19(7):687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP2770
31. Bam RA, Birkus G, Babusis D, Cihlar T, Yant SR. Metabolism and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir alafenamide in CD4(+) T-cells and macrophages from demographically diverse donors. Antivir Ther. 2014;19(7):669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP2767
32. Sax PE, Zolopa A, Brar I, Elion R, Ortiz R, Post F, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: A randomized phase 2 study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(1):52–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000225
33. Daude M, Rostaing L, Saune K, Lavayssiere L, Basse G, Esposito L, et al. Tenofovir therapy in hepatitis B virus-positive solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2011;91(8):916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3182100f59
34. Yap DY, Chan TM. Evolution of hepatitis B management in kidney transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(2):468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.468
35. Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Murad MH, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.28156
36. Lampertico P, Chan HL, Janssen HL, Strasser SI, Schindler R, Berg T. Review article: Long-term safety of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues in HBV-monoinfected patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(1):16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.13659
37. Vigano M, Brocchieri A, Spinetti A, Zaltron S, Mangia G, Facchetti F, et al. Tenofovir-induced Fanconi syndrome in chronic hepatitis B monoinfected patients that reverted after tenofovir withdrawal. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(4):600–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.09.016
38. KDIGO CKD Working Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;3:1–150.
39. Frequently asked questions about GFR estimates. https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/docs/12-10-4004_abe_faqs_aboutgfrrev1b_singleb.pdf [Accessed 17 Mar 2017].
40. Bolignano D, Donato V, Coppolino G, Campo S, Buemi A, Lacquaniti A, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of kidney damage. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(3):595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.01.020
41. Cernaro V, Bolignano D, Donato V, Lacquaniti A, Buemi A, Crasci E, et al. NGAL is a precocious marker of therapeutic response. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(8):844–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161211795428939
42. Strazzulla A, Coppolino G, Di Fatta C, Giancotti F, D’Onofrio G, Postorino MC, et al. Is neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin useful in hepatitis C virus infection? World J Hepatol. 2016;8(19):815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v8.i19.815
43. Campbell LJ, Dew T, Salota R, Cheserem E, Hamzah L, Ibrahim F, et al. Total protein, albumin and low-molecular-weight protein excretion in HIV-positive patients. BMC Nephrol. 2012;13:85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-13-85
44. Rasmussen TA, Jensen D, Tolstrup M, Nielsen US, Erlandsen EJ, Birn H, et al. Comparison of bone and renal effects in HIV-infected adults switching to abacavir or tenofovir based therapy in a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032445
45. Allavena C, Bach-Ngohou K, Billaud E, Sécher S, Dejoie T, Reliquet V, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, a marker of tubular dysfunction, is not increased in long-term virologically controlled patients receiving a tenofovir/emtricitabine + nevirapine regimen. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(12):2866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt265
46. Oboho I, Abraham AG, Benning L, Anastos K, Sharma A, Young M, et al. Tenofovir use and urinary biomarkers among HIV-infected women in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62(4):388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31828175c9
2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2012;57(1):167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.02.010
3. Chen DS, Locarnini S, Wait S, Bae SH, Chen PJ, Fung JY, et al. Report from a Viral Hepatitis Policy Forum on implementing the WHO framework for global action on viral hepatitis in North Asia. J Hepatol. 2013;59(5):1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.029
4. Kang L, Pan J, Wu J, Hu J, Sun Q, Tang J. Anti-HBV drugs: Progress, unmet needs, and new hope. Viruses. 2015;7(9):4960–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v7092854
5. Gallant JE, Deresinski S. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(7):944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/378068
6. Hostetler KY. Alkoxyalkyl prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates enhance oral antiviral activity and reduce toxicity: Current state of the art. Antiviral Res. 2009;82(2):A84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.01.005
7. Fernandez-Fernandez B, Montoya-Ferrer A, Sanz AB, Sanchez-Nino MD, Izquierdo MC, Poveda J, et al. Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: 2011 update. AIDS Res Treat. 2011;2011:354908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/354908
8. Kearney BP, Yale K, Shah J, Zhong L, Flaherty JF. Pharmacokinetics and dosing recommendations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in hepatic or renal impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(11):1115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200645110-00005
9. Cha A, Besignano-Long AR, Rothberger N, Shah B. Reversibility of renal dysfunction after discontinuation of tenofovir. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2016;56(3):280–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2016.02.013
10. Birkus G, Hitchcock MJ, Cihlar T. Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: Comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(3):716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.3.716-723.2002
11. Woodward CL, Hall AM, Williams IG, Madge S, Copas A, Nair D, et al. Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity. HIV Med. 2009;10(8):482–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00716.x
12. Herlitz LC, Mohan S, Stokes MB, Radhakrishnan J, D’Agati VD, Markowitz GS. Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: Acute tubular necrosis with distinctive clinical, pathological, and mitochondrial abnormalities. Kidney Int. 2010;78(11):1171–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.318
13. Brennan A, Evans D, Maskew M, Naicker S, Ive P, Sanne I, et al. Relationship between renal dysfunction, nephrotoxicity and death among HIV adults on tenofovir. AIDS. 2011;25(13):1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834957da
14. Ryom L, Mocroft A, Kirk O, Worm SW, Kamara DA, Reiss P, et al. Association between antiretroviral exposure and renal impairment among HIV-positive persons with normal baseline renal function: The D:A:D study. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(9):1359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit043
15. Wikman P, Safont P, Del Palacio M, Moreno A, Moreno S, Casado JL. The significance of antiretroviral-associated acute kidney injury in a cohort of ambulatory human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(8):2073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gft210
16. Perazella MA. Tenofovir-induced kidney disease: An acquired renal tubular mitochondriopathy. Kidney Int. 2010;78(11):1060–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.344
17. Uteng M, Mahl A, Beckmann N, Piaia A, Ledieu D, Dubost V, et al. Editor’s highlight: Comparative renal safety assessment of the hepatitis B drugs, adefovir, tenofovir, telbivudine and entecavir in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2017;155(1):283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfw208
18. Mocroft A, Kirk O, Reiss P, De Wit S, Sedlacek D, Beniowski M, et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV-positive patients. AIDS. 2010;24(11):1667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328339fe53
19. Ando M, Tsuchiya K, Nitta K. How to manage HIV-infected patients with chronic kidney disease in the HAART era. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2012;16(3):363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10157-012-0585-7
20. Pipili CL, Papatheodoridis GV, Cholongitas EC. Treatment of hepatitis B in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;84(5):880–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.249
21. Karras A, Lafaurie M, Furco A, Bourgarit A, Droz D, Sereni D, et al. Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(8):1070–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/368314
22. Fung S, Kwan P, Fabri M, Horban A, Pelemis M, Hann HW, et al. Randomized comparison of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(4):980–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.028
23. Gish RG, Clark MD, Kane SD, Shaw RE, Mangahas MF, Baqai S. Similar risk of renal events among patients treated with tenofovir or entecavir for chronic hepatitis B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(8):941–6; quiz e68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.04.008
24. Teperman LW, Poordad F, Bzowej N, Martin P, Pungpapong S, Schiano T, et al. Randomized trial of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate after hepatitis B immunoglobulin withdrawal after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2013;19(6):594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.23628
25. Winston J, Deray G, Hawkins T, Szczech L, Wyatt C, Young B. Kidney disease in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(11):1449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/593099
26. Fontana RJ. Side effects of long-term oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2009;49(5 Suppl): S185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22885
27. Duarte-Rojo A, Heathcote EJ. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2010;3(2):107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756283X09354562
28. Ha NB, Ku KC, Ha NB, Chaung KT, Trinh HN, Nguyen HA, et al. Renal function in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy – A matched case cohort study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49(10):873–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000325
29. Lok AS, Trinh H, Carosi G, Akarca US, Gadano A, Habersetzer F, et al. Efficacy of entecavir with or without tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for nucleos(t)ide-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(3):619–28.e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.037
30. Bam RA, Yant SR, Cihlar T. Tenofovir alafenamide is not a substrate for renal organic anion transporters (OATs) and does not exhibit OAT-dependent cytotoxicity. Antivir Ther. 2014;19(7):687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP2770
31. Bam RA, Birkus G, Babusis D, Cihlar T, Yant SR. Metabolism and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir alafenamide in CD4(+) T-cells and macrophages from demographically diverse donors. Antivir Ther. 2014;19(7):669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP2767
32. Sax PE, Zolopa A, Brar I, Elion R, Ortiz R, Post F, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: A randomized phase 2 study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(1):52–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000225
33. Daude M, Rostaing L, Saune K, Lavayssiere L, Basse G, Esposito L, et al. Tenofovir therapy in hepatitis B virus-positive solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2011;91(8):916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3182100f59
34. Yap DY, Chan TM. Evolution of hepatitis B management in kidney transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(2):468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.468
35. Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Murad MH, et al. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.28156
36. Lampertico P, Chan HL, Janssen HL, Strasser SI, Schindler R, Berg T. Review article: Long-term safety of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues in HBV-monoinfected patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(1):16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.13659
37. Vigano M, Brocchieri A, Spinetti A, Zaltron S, Mangia G, Facchetti F, et al. Tenofovir-induced Fanconi syndrome in chronic hepatitis B monoinfected patients that reverted after tenofovir withdrawal. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(4):600–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.09.016
38. KDIGO CKD Working Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;3:1–150.
39. Frequently asked questions about GFR estimates. https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/docs/12-10-4004_abe_faqs_aboutgfrrev1b_singleb.pdf [Accessed 17 Mar 2017].
40. Bolignano D, Donato V, Coppolino G, Campo S, Buemi A, Lacquaniti A, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of kidney damage. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(3):595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.01.020
41. Cernaro V, Bolignano D, Donato V, Lacquaniti A, Buemi A, Crasci E, et al. NGAL is a precocious marker of therapeutic response. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(8):844–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161211795428939
42. Strazzulla A, Coppolino G, Di Fatta C, Giancotti F, D’Onofrio G, Postorino MC, et al. Is neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin useful in hepatitis C virus infection? World J Hepatol. 2016;8(19):815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v8.i19.815
43. Campbell LJ, Dew T, Salota R, Cheserem E, Hamzah L, Ibrahim F, et al. Total protein, albumin and low-molecular-weight protein excretion in HIV-positive patients. BMC Nephrol. 2012;13:85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-13-85
44. Rasmussen TA, Jensen D, Tolstrup M, Nielsen US, Erlandsen EJ, Birn H, et al. Comparison of bone and renal effects in HIV-infected adults switching to abacavir or tenofovir based therapy in a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032445
45. Allavena C, Bach-Ngohou K, Billaud E, Sécher S, Dejoie T, Reliquet V, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, a marker of tubular dysfunction, is not increased in long-term virologically controlled patients receiving a tenofovir/emtricitabine + nevirapine regimen. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(12):2866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt265
46. Oboho I, Abraham AG, Benning L, Anastos K, Sharma A, Young M, et al. Tenofovir use and urinary biomarkers among HIV-infected women in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62(4):388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31828175c9
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Mar 23, 2017
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Renal Concerns in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B with Tenofovir. (2017). Journal of Renal and Hepatic Disorders, 1(1), 50-54. https://doi.org/10.15586/jrenhep.2017.11
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Review Nephrology
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