Hepatic Venous Outflow Obstruction: Suggestion of a New Classification
Main Article Content
Keywords
ascites, bacterial infection, Budd–Chiari syndrome, hepatic vena cava syndrome, liver cirrhosis, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome
Abstract
Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) is common in developing countries. It is a serious condition that clinically manifests with ascites from sinusoidal hypertension, and carries the risk of high mortality or development of liver cirrhosis. In the past, the eponym Budd–Chiari Syndrome (BCS) was used synonymously for HVOO. In the West, hepatic vein (HV) thrombosis caused by prothrombotic disorders is the main cause of HVOO. In the East, obliterative disease of hepatic portion of inferior vena cava induced by bacterial infection, now renamed hepatic vena cava syndrome, is the common cause of HVOO. These two diseases with different etiology, epidemiology, and natural history are at present grouped together under BCS causing much confusion. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, another important cause of HVOO at the level of the sinusoid and terminal HV, was left out in the classification of HVOO. In this article, the pathophysiology of sinusoidal hypertension is described, the term BCS is redefined, and a new classification of HVOO is suggested.
References
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3. Greenway CV, Stark RD. Hepatic vascular bed. Physiol Rev. 1971;51:23.
4. Ludwig J, Hashimoto E, McGill DB, Heerden JA. Classification of hepatic venous outflow obstruction: Ambiguous terminology of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990;65:51–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62109-0
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7. Shrestha SM, Kage M, Lee BB. Hepatic vena cava syndrome: New concept of pathogenesis. Hepatol Res. 2017;47(7):603–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hepr.12869
8. Levy M, Waxler MJ. Sodium excretion in dogs with low-grade caval obstruction: Role of hepatic nerves. Am J Physiol. 1987;253:F672.
9. Gentil-Kocher S, Bernard O, Brunelle F, Hadchouel M, Maillard JN, Valayer J, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome in children: Report of 22 cases. J Pediatrics. 1988;113(1):30–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80524-9
10. Dixon Mann J, Walker Hall I. Obstruction of the inferior vena cava. Edinburgh MJ. 1904;16:56–62.
11. Shrestha SM. Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatic vena cava disease, a liver disease caused by obstruction of inferior vena cava. Hepatol Int. 2009;3:392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-009-9122-5
12. Stuart KL, Bras G. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Q J Med. 1957;26:291–315.
13. Stillman AE, Huxtable RJ, Consroe P, Kohnen P, Smith S. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to pyrrolizidine poisoning in Arizona. Gastroenterology. 1977;73:349–52.
14. Valla DC. Hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome). Semin Liver Dis. 2002;22(1):5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-23202
15. Shrestha SM. Liver cirrhosis in hepatic vena cava syndrome (or membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava). World J Hepatol. 2015;7(6):874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i6.874
16. Leopold LG, Parry TE, Storring FK. A change in sinusoid-trabecular structure of the liver with hepatic venous outflow block. J Pathol. 1970;100:87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1711000203
17. Bolton C, Barnard WG. Pathological occurrences in liver in experimental venous stagnation. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1931;34:701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1700340602
18. Kanel GC, Ucci AA, Kaplan MM, Wolfe HJ. A distinctive peri-venular hepatic lesion associated with heart failure. Am J Clin Pathol. 1980;73:235–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/73.2.235
19. Sherlock S. Liver in heart failure: Relation of anatomical, functional and circulatory changes. Br Heart J. 1951;13:273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.13.3.273
20. Chiari H. Ueber die selbstandie Phlebitis obliteraqns der Hauptstamme der Venae hepaticae als Todesursache. Beitr Z Pathol Anat U Z Allg Pathol. 1899;26:1–18.
21. Parkar RGF. Occlusion of the hepatic veins in man. Medicine. 1959;38:369–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005792-195912000-00002
22. Tanaka M, Wanless IR. Pathology of the liver in Budd-Chiari syndrome: Portal vein thrombosis and histogenesis of veno-centric cirrhosis, veno-portal cirrhosis and large regenerative nodules. Hepatology. 1998;27:488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510270224
23. Kage M, Arakawa M, Kojiro M, Okuda K. Histopathology of membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Gastroenterology.1992;102:2081–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(92)90336-W
24. Chawla YK, Bodh V. Portal vein thrombosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2015;5(1):22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2014.12.008
25. McCuskey RS. Morphological mechanisms for regulating blood flow through hepatic sinusoids. Liver. 2000;20:3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0676.2000.020001003.x
26. Janssen HLA, Gaecia-Pagan J-C, Elias E, Mentha G, Hadengue A, Valla D-C. Budd-Chiari syndrome: A review by an expert panel. J Hepatol. 2003;38:364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00434-8
27. Valla DC. Budd-Chiari syndrome. In: Boyer TD, Wright TL, Manns MP, editors. Zakim and Boyer hepatology—Textbook of liver diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2006. p. 877–96.
28. Plessier A, Valla DC. Budd-Chiari syndrome. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1085094
29. DeLeve LD, Valla CD, Garcia-Tsao G. Vascular disorders of the liver. AASLD practical guidelines. Hepatology. 2009;49(5):1729–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22772
30. Okuda K. Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (obliterative hepatocavopathy, Okuda). J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;16:1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02577.x
31. Budd G. Disease of the liver. London: John Churchill; 1845.
32. Raynaud. J hebd Med, Paris 1827; 5:173. Quoted by: Pleasants JH. Obstruction of inferior vena cava with a report of 18 cases. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep. 1911;16:363–548.
33. Wilks S. Obstruction of hepatic veins and vena cava by fibrous deposit in the liver. Trans Path Soc Lond. 1862;13:122–4.
34. Osler W. Case of obliteration of vena cava inferior, with great stenosis of the orifices of hepatic veins. J Anat Physiol. 1878;13:291–305.
35. Valla D-C. Hepatic venous outflow obstruction etiopathogenesis: Asia versus the West. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:S204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1400-1746.2004.03642.x
36. Dilawari JB, Bambery P, Chawla Y, Kaur U, Bhusnurmath SR, Malhotra HS, et al. Hepatic outflow obstruction (Budd-Chiari syndrome). Experience with 177 patients and a review of literature. Medicine. 1994;73:21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005792-199401000-00003
37. Singh V, Sinha SK, Nain CK, Bambery P, Kaur U, Verma S, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome: Our experience of 71 patients. J Gastrotenterol Hepatol. 2000;15:550–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02157.x
38. Wang ZG, Zhang FJ, Li XQ, Meng QY. Management of Budd-Chiari syndrome: What is the best approach? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(Suppl): S212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03677.x
39. Valla D, Hadengue A, el Yoounsi M, Azar N, Zeitoun G, Boudet MJ, et al. Hepatic venous outflow block caused by short-length hepatic vein stenosis. Hepatology. 1997;25:814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510250405
40. Murad SW, Valla D-C, de Groen PC, Zeitoun G, Hopmans JAM, Haagsma EB, et al. Determinants of survival and effect of portosystemic shunting in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Hepatology. 2004;39:500–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.20064
41. Tandon BN, Nundy S. Outflow tract obstruction. In: Textbook of tropical gastroenterology. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1988. p. 183–91.
42. Chawla YK. Budd-Chiari syndrome. In: Mahatab MA, Rahman S, editors. Liver: A complete book on hepato-pancreato-biliary diseases. India: Elsevier; 2009. p. 381–5.
43. Shrestha SM, Shrestha S. Hepatic vena cava syndrome: A common cause of liver cirrhosis in children in Nepal. Trop Gastroenterol. 2014;35(2):85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7869/tg.186
44. Nakamura T, Nakamura S, Aikawa T, Suzuki O, Onodera A, Karoji N. Obstruction of the inferior vena cave in the hepatic portion and the hepatic veins: Report of eight cases and review of the Japanese literature. Angiology. 1968;19:479–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000331976801900805
45. Yamamoto S, Yokoyama Y, Takeshige K, Iwatsuki S. Budd-Chiari syndrome with obstruction of the inferior vena cava. Gastroenterology. 1968;54:1070–84.
46. Takeuchi J, Takada A, Hasumura Y, Matsuda Y, Ikegami F. Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with obstruction of the inferior vena cava. Am J Med. 1971;51:11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(71)90319-6
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Jul 31, 2017
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Hepatic Venous Outflow Obstruction: Suggestion of a New Classification. (2017). Journal of Renal and Hepatic Disorders, 1(2), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.15586/jrenhep.2017.13
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Review Hepatology
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